Shakespeare, Text and Paratext

The early modern dramatic paratext is a rich and varied repository of tributes to patrons and readers, where dramatists negotiated or parodied their attitudes towards dramatic publication and their reliance on the medium of print as a source of income and literary reputation. However, the lack of signed dedications or addresses to the reader in the early editions of Shakespeare’s plays has deflected critical and editorial attention from early modern dramatic paratexts and from the significance of other paratextual features in Shakespeare, including title-pages, head titles, running titles and act and scene divisions. This article shows that a close analysis of some of these features and a contrastive analysis of Shakespearian and non-Shakespearian early modern playbooks lend fresh insight into what we mean by ‘Shakespeare’ and ‘text’ and how the texts of Shakespeare’s plays are edited and re-presented to the modern reader. Critical and editorial neglect of paratextual features in the early editions of Shakespeare’s plays is also due to the enduring legacy of the New Bibliography. One crucial aspect of this legacy is the common tendency to identify the printer’s copy rather than the printed text as the ultimate source of textual authority. As a result, all those features that were added to the printer’s copy as the dramatic manuscript was transmitted into print and transformed into a reading text tend to be overlooked. The paradox of course is that no dramatic manuscripts used as printer’s copy to set up early modern playbooks have survived.1 Scholars interested in Shakespeare and performance often criticize the ‘tyranny of print’.2 Ironically, the study of Shakespeare in print has also been deeply affected by the ‘tyranny of the lost manuscript’. This understanding of the printed text as a misrepresentation of the printer’s copy, combined with the absence of any address or dedication signed by Shakespeare, has in turn led to a near-universal misconception of the paratext as marginal, dispensable, occasional, fundamentally different and ultimately detachable from the text. Even the more familiar types of theatrical paratexts, such as prologues, epilogues, presenters and choruses, are regarded as inherently different and separate from the main body of the dramatic